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Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (layer ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 457.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (forms ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (them. ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (find ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (well-defined ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 445.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (evolves ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 436.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (moved ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (en ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (masse ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (\"snowplough\" ) Tj 55.200000 0.0 Td (type ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 426.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (process, ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (those ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (remaining ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (either ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (higher ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 417.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (speeds ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (produce ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (\"taillike\" ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (structures ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (remaining ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 407.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (form ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (part ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 398.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (balance. ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (Field ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (structures ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 389.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (good ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (gross ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (agreement ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (observations. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 379.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (obtain ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (analytical ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (estimate ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 370.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (good ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (agreement ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (obtained ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 360.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (computationally. ) Tj 79.080000 0.0 Td (When ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (set ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 351.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (three-dimensional ) Tj 73.440000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (geometry, ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (resolved ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 343.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 67.560000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (clear ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 332.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (parallels ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (data. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 150.840000 315.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1. ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (Introduction ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.360000 294.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (On ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (September ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (11 ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (20, ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (1984, ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (part ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (Active ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 285.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Magnetospheric ) Tj 69.360000 0.0 Td (Particle ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (Tracer ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (Explorers ) Tj 47.760000 0.0 Td (\(AMPTE\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 275.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (mission ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td ([Krimigis ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (1982] ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (3 ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (es ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 267.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (atoms ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (neutral ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (were ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (made ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (German ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (Ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 256.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Release ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (Module ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (\(IRM\) ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (spacecraft ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (when ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (United ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.200000 247.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Kingdom ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (subsatellite ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (\(UKS\) ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (were ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (located ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 237.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind, ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (Earth's ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (bow ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (shock. ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (UKS-IRM ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 228.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (separation ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (times ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (30-35 ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (km. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.360000 218.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (similar ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 209.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (photoionizing ) Tj 54.960000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (neutrals ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (took ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (place ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (dawn ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.200000 199.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (flank ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (magnetosphere ) Tj 60.240000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (December ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (27, ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (1984, ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.200000 190.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (spacecraft ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (separation ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (larger, ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (170 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.200000 181.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (km. ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (All ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (produced ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (similar ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (perturbations ) Tj 54.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 171.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (structure, ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (heavier ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.320000 162.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (shorter ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (photoionization ) Tj 65.040000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (\(',- ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (30 ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 152.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (compared ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (hour\) ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (gave ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (rise ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (higher ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 143.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (longer-lived ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (dramatic ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (disturbance. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.720000 133.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (signatures ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (spacecraft ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.560000 124.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (reported ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (Ltihr ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td ([1986a, ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (b]. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.680000 105.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Copyright ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (1987 ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (American ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (Geophysical ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (Union. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.680000 86.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Paper ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (7A9036. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.800000 78.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (0148 ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (-0227 ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (/ ) Tj 3.000000 0.0 Td (87 ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (/ ) Tj 2.880000 0.0 Td (007 ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (A-9036S ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (05.00 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.120000 635.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (cases ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (high ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 625.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (suppress ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (zero ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (IRM, ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (6 ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 616.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (80 ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (barium. ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.120000 607.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (extend ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (UKS, ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (giving ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (upper ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (limit ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 597.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (size ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (region. ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (If ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 588.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (consider ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (gyroscales ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (involved, ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 578.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (applicability ) Tj 52.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (hybrid ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (description, ) Tj 51.120000 0.0 Td (treating ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 569.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (electrons ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (fluid, ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (becomes ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (clear. ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 561.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Larmor ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (radii ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 550.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\"picked ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (up\" ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (test ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 540.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (\253 ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (E ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (E ) Tj 6.360000 0.0 Td (, ) Tj 8.040000 0.0 Td (respectively, ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (shrinking ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 531.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (factor ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (6-10 ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (enhanced ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 522.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (during ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (events. ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 512.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gyroperiods ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (min ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 503.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (20 ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (min ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (barium. ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (For ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 493.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (relevant ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.120000 484.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(a ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (5-eV ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (31 ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (gyroradius ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.880000 474.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (gyroperiod ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (6 ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (s\), ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 465.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (during ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 456.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (vary ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (significantly. ) Tj 59.400000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.000000 446.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electrons, ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (hand, ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (gyroradii ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.240000 437.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (few ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (hundred ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (meters ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (gyroperiods ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (few ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.240000 428.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (milliseconds, ) Tj 56.760000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (far ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.240000 418.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (concerned ) Tj 53.160000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (viably ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (treated ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (massless, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.360000 408.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (charge-neutralizing ) Tj 81.480000 0.0 Td (fluid, ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.360000 399.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.480000 391.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (addressed ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (here. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 341.040000 380.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Previous ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (work ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (concentrated ) Tj 54.120000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (discussing ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.600000 370.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (global ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (three-dimensional ) Tj 74.280000 0.0 Td (aspects ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (physics, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 361.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (such ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (line ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (draping, ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (wake ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (formation ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (behind ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 351.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (obstacle, ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (multifluid ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (patterns ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (analytical ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 342.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([Haerendel ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (1986; ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (Cheng, ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (1987, ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (Papadopoulos ) Tj 56.040000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 333.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Lui, ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (1986] ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (numerical ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td ([Lui ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (1986; ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (Brecht ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 323.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Thomas, ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (1987] ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (points ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (view. ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (One ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (principal ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.960000 314.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (aims ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (most ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (descriptions ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (explain ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.960000 305.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (cloud, ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 295.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (deduced ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (optical ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (observations ) Tj 50.400000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 285.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (flow. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 336.840000 276.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Here, ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (instead ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (beginning ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (global ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (approach ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 267.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (concentrate ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (resolving ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (detailed ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 257.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (processes ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (occurring ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (locally, ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (dynamic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 248.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (evolves ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 238.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 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(the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (energy ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (equation ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (\(5\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 713.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (must ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (specified. ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (Our ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (use ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 704.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (boundaries. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 686.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2.2 ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (Initial ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (Conditions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 341.520000 667.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 68.040000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (box ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.800000 656.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (study ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (represents ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (250 ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (\177_ ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (\(the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 647.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (variation\) ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (divided ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (into ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (400 ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (cells, ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (giving ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 638.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (effective ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (3Ax ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (\(due ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 628.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (finite ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (differencing ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (obtain ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (each ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 618.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (step\). ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (comparison, ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (c/ ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 7.080000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 452.760000 616.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 38.280000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 609.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (wind, ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (decreasing ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (higher-density ) Tj 59.160000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 599.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (present, ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (choice ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 590.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (should ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (allow ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (larger-scale ) Tj 47.880000 0.0 Td (structures ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 582.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (resolved. ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 571.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (independent ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (grid ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (size, ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (detailed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 562.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (eventually ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (lost ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (lack ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 552.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ax ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (increased ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (substantially. ) Tj 61.680000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (initially ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 542.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pervades ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (box, ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (nsw ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (5 ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (cm ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (-a, ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (mean ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 533.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (Vsw ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (500 ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (s- ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (\177, ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (temperature ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 521.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (T ) Tj 5.760000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (Tp ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (5 ) Tj 8.760000 0.0 Td (eV ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (MAs ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (w ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (5, ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (\177p ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (0.1\). ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (For ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 514.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simplicity ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 504.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (vary ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (tanh\(\(x-x0\)/L ) Tj 51.600000 0.0 Td (\), ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (falling ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (asymptotically ) Tj 56.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (zero ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 495.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 67.800000 0.0 Td (box ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 486.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (rising ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (100 ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (cm ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (-a ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.400000 0.0 Td (boundary. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 475.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (midpoint ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (density, ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (x0, ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (180 ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (km, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 468.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (half ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (thickness, ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (20 ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (kin, ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (illustrate ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 459.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (located ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (inside ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 448.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (outside ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (cavity. ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.000000 438.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 57.840000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (factor ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (smaller ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 123.360000 426.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (\177}2Ay,z ) Tj 183.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (when ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (passes ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 171.000000 416.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (-Jy,z ) Tj 115.800000 0.0 Td (\(2\) ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (edge ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td ([Gurnett ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (1986a], ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 122.880000 409.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (#o ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (8x2 ) Tj 183.720000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (gives ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (sufficient ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (contrast ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.000000 401.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 48.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (produce ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.560000 390.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (component ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (well-defined ) Tj 55.560000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (characteristic ) Tj 57.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.560000 381.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (equation ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 164.520000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (interaction. ) Tj 54.600000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (study ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 113.400000 359.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177/J\276,z- ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (E\276,z ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (\(--VeA-B\)\276,z ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.560000 343.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (includes ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (frictional ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (coupling ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (term ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (\177/J. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 336.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Given ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 151.560000 308.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (aAy,z ) Tj 76.800000 0.0 Td (8\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 108.120000 298.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ey, ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (z ) Tj 72.120000 0.0 Td (Ex ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 151.440000 293.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 76.680000 0.0 Td (8x ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.000000 372.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (represented ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (changes ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 286.800000 362.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(3\) ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (photoionization. ) Tj 74.160000 0.0 Td (Instead ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (created ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.120000 353.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.680000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (0, ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (essentially ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (cold ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (beam ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.000000 343.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (VLi ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 3.360000 0.0 Td (TM ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (, ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (introduced ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.880000 334.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (necessary ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (keep ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.880000 325.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (there ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (constant. ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (reasonable ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.880000 315.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximation ) Tj 60.480000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 306.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (given ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (\(',- ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (s\) ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (smaller ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 286.440000 296.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(4\) ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (photoionization ) Tj 62.400000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (scale, ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 287.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (careful ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (modeling ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 277.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (some ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (aspects ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (interaction. ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 268.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (temperature ) Tj 50.760000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (taken ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (eV, ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 258.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (expectations ) Tj 54.960000 0.0 Td (concerning ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (ionization ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (process ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td ([e.g., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 249.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Gurnett ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (1986a]. ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (Particles ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (pass ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (freely ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 240.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (boundaries. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 334.920000 229.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj 48.720000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (represented ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (',-7 ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (4 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 220.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 57.360000 0.0 Td (particles, ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (sufficient ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (allow ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 210.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (represented ) Tj 50.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 201.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (minimum ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (densities ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (< ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (1-2 ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (masses ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (per ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 192.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (cubic ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (centimeter. ) Tj 53.160000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (therefore ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (represent ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (parameter ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 182.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (range ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (loading ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (dominates, ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (rather ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 173.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (examining ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (effects ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (collective ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (test ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (\(which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 163.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (already ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (addressed, ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (instance, ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (Winske ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 154.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (a\177., ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (B985]\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 342.000000 144.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Representing ) Tj 52.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (finite ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 134.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 58.920000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 4.800000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (per ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (cell ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (course ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 272.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (once ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (integrated ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (step ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 262.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (found, ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (\(2\) ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (\(3\) ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 253.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (solved ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (components ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (vector ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 244.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (velocity. ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 234.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (energy ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (equation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 83.160000 205.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (Vex ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (Pe-- ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 8.760000 0.0 Td ('Y ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 189.360000 214.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177Vex ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 193.920000 198.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177x ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 213.120000 205.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (\('y-1\)\177/J2 ) Tj 61.920000 0.0 Td (\(5\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 177.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\('y ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (s/a\) ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (solved ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 168.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pressure. ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (finally ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (allows ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (us ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (solve ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 158.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (X ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (component ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 149.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (equation: ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 195.360000 132.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (8P ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 112.920000 123.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ex-- ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (\(_VeAB\) ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 110.880000 0.0 Td (\(6\) ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (introduces ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (statistical ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (fluctuation ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (gn ) Tj 8.280000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 194.640000 116.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ne ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (8x ) Tj 111.600000 0.0 Td (parameters, ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (leading ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 106.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (subsequently ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (obtained ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (them ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (each ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 97.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (moved ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (again ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (using ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (\(1\) ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (continue ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (step. ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (As ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (smoothed ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (during ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 88.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (calculation. ) Tj 256.560000 0.0 Td (calculation ) Tj 49.440000 0.0 Td (\(or ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.240000 78.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Solving ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (coupled ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (equations ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (\(2\) ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (\(3\) ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (throughout\) ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (avoid ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (loss ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (resolution, ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (signal ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.600000 68.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (components ) Tj 51.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (vector ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (requires ) Tj 55.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (ratio ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (gn ) Tj 8.280000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 8.760000 0.0 Td (also. ) Tj 27.120000 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=kŧPP}_^[U7({PtM9p’ J)6ΉiRcAL4ߗN5z&彅HQqaBD+_~Z}u옫nu;r^_XT#ԝۧ=l2S%}[ I'_/U_'CIzz[ׅۻ SX#z0L'Y4{D?av77nm/]FGb!?j_7Qg~ /W½IFm6߭볏#ϞGb?!؊_Dž t_'ukh_׻__owvzVN*/b%|jLc uz_ bF: gww-M{AQw obL'TBT?&?//<ljEUV V N=BnDw}_`?ak4B, 4!MLJ[R(Am{ih6b~i' cjz_}1VSƝDDy6A31HA2 ma28M;[Qmm[ZoI[[Aa!D4AiM:$nVZ)$AW* \:jkL:dG0E"""2c! !a a\! 2aBaP> stream Q BT 1.000000 0 0 1 167.040000 765.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Chapman ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (Schwartz: ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (Boundary ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (Layer ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (Processes ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (Releases ) Tj 116.040000 0.0 Td (11,06 ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 732.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (verified ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (repeating ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 722.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (run ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (range ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (values ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 4.560000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (\(spanning ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 713.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (half ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (magnitude\), ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 704.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (provided ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (statistical ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (fluctuations ) Tj 49.680000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 694.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (small ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (\(<40 ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (% ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (worst ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (any ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (cell ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 685.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (entire ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (box\), ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 675.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (independent ) Tj 52.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (nc. ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (run ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 666.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (section ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (statistical ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 656.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (fluctuations ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 4.680000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (-\177 ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (15% ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 56.520000 0.0 Td (particle ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 647.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (representing ) Tj 51.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (-\177 ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (5% ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 638.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (representing ) Tj 51.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (inside ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 630.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (limit. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.120000 618.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (For ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (conditions ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 609.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (need ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (specify ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (particle ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (properties ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 599.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (specify ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (A, ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (calculating ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (self-consistently ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 590.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (step. ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (Here ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (nT ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (lying ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 581.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wholly ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (\177_ ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (reduced ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (zero ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 571.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (spatial ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 562.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (increased, ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (effectively ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (imposing ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (\"diamagnetic\" ) Tj 57.840000 0.0 Td (currents ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 552.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulate ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (cavity. ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (Additionally, ) Tj 51.960000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (keeps ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 543.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.280000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (simple ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (possible. ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (It ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 533.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (important ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (note, ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (if ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 524.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (imposed ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (condition ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 514.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 505.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interact ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (expected ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 495.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (suppressed ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (zero. ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (currents ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 486.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (do ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (cannot ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (generated ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (spontaneously ) Tj 59.160000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 476.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (fluid, ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (effectively ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 467.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (shrunk ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (gyroradii ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (zero. ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (It ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (probably ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 458.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (respect ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (hybrid ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (representation ) Tj 56.640000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (least ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (like ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 449.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (overall ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (releases. ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (test ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (runs, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 440.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 429.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (does ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (differ ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (appreciably ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (whether ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 420.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (imposed ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (downstream, ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 410.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.680000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (deflected ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 401.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (slightly ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (presence ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (field. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 83.040000 391.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (global ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (hybrid ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 382.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([e.g., ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (Lui ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (1986' ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (Brecht ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (Thomas, ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (1987], ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 372.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (depressions ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (were ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (form ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (located ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (behind ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 363.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (obstacle, ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (i.e., ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (wake ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (rather ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 355.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (center ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (instead ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (becomes ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (enhanced. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 344.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (perhaps ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (surprising, ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (above ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 335.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (discussion ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (depressions ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (expected ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 325.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (represent ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 52.200000 0.0 Td (response ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (actual ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 316.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (cloud, ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (instead ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (\"wake\" ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 307.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (\(and ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (its, ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (some ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (extent, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 297.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\"frozen-in\" ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (flux\) ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (encountered ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (magnetized ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 290.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (obstacle. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.240000 278.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (resistivity ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (acting ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 265.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electrons ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (taken ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (\177/ ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (2.6 ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (-s ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (\(.\177pieo\) ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (TM ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 259.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (here. ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (As ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (guiae ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 250.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (assumed ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (layer ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (carrying ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (current ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 240.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (\"switches ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (off\" ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (inside ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 231.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (thick ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (stable ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (against ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (two-stream ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 221.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (instability. ) Tj 47.880000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (Penrose ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (criterion ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (gives ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (upper ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (limit ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 211.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (relative ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (ion-electron ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (drift ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (u ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (0 ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (stability ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td ([Krall ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 202.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (Trivelpiece, ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (1973]' ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 732.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (100 ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (cm-3, ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 723.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (> ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (5 ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (km. ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (Equating ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (resistive ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 711.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (length ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (L\177 ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (\177//v ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (oP ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (o ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (suggests, ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (speeds ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 703.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (v ) Tj 5.520000 0.0 Td (o ) Tj 8.280000 0.0 Td ('\" ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (500-50 ) Tj 53.280000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (s- ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (resistivities ) Tj 66.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 686.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 20.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (7.5 ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (-s ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (7.5 ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (10 ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (-6 ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (\(wittie ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (0\) ) Tj 6.720000 0.0 Td (TM ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 685.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (typical ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (value. ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (must ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td ('be ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (noted, ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 675.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (ratio ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (Te/T ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (i ) Tj 7.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (layer ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 665.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (known, ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (if ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (T ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (>> ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (T ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (i ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (Penrose ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (criterion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 656.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (requires ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (u ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (0 ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (< ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (j\(kTi/mi\), ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (giving ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (larger ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (values ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 644.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (thickness. ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (choice ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (L\177/ ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (must ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 637.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (influenced ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (observations ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (themselves, ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (suggest ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.280000 628.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([e.g., ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (Ltihr ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (1986a, ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (b] ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (thicknesses ) Tj 47.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 619.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (about ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (few ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (kilometers ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (depending ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (course ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 609.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (believed ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (exit ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (cavity. ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 600.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (numerical ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (experiment ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (repeated ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 590.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (values ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (\177/ ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (ranging ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (above ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (below ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 580.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (value ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (orders ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (total, ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 571.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (gross ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 561.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (section ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (remain ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (unchanged. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 341.520000 552.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Although ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 543.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (conducted ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (numerical ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 533.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (experiments ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (using ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (different ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (masses ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 524.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (investigate ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (applicability ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (release. ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 514.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (requirements ) Tj 54.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (consistently ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (low ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (statistical ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (level ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 505.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (representation ) Tj 59.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (minimum ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 495.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (less ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 486.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (imply ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 476.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 57.600000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (represent ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 467.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (must ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (increase ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (linearly ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (\(all ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 458.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (kept ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (constant\). ) Tj 53.400000 0.0 Td (Therefore ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 448.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (purpose ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (comparative ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (numerical ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (experiment ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 436.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (feasible ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (compare ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (\(mass ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (7 ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (mp\). ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 427.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(mass ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (137 ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (mp\)\177 ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (However, ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (\177eitla ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 418.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (ranging ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (3 ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (mp ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (28 ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (mp ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (reveal ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 411.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (qualitative ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (identical ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (which-will ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 402.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (section. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 414.120000 384.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3. ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (Results ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.440000 363.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (present ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (single ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (run, ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.160000 354.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (conditions ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (given ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (section. ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.160000 345.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (real ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (spanned ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (run, ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (s, ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 335.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (long ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (allow ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (evolve ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (into ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.280000 325.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 63.840000 0.0 Td (steady ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (configuration, ) Tj 63.240000 0.0 Td (rather ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.280000 316.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (represent ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (significant ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (fraction ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (lifetimes ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.160000 307.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (cavities ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.760000 297.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\('\177 ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (6 ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 8.160000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (lithium, ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (-\177 ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (80 ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 8.040000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (barium\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 280.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3.1. ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (Initial ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (Transient ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (Behavior ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.800000 259.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (soon ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (after ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (0 ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (\(at ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (0.2 ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (s\) ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 250.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (1. ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Here, ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (parameters, ) Tj 48.720000 0.0 Td (fields, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 241.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (samples ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (individual ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (particle ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (velocities ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 231.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (plotted ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (versus ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (variation, ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (\177, ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (across ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 222.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 58.560000 0.0 Td (\"box\" ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (expressed ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (SI ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 212.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (units ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (\(or ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (convenient ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (multiples ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (them\). ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (locations ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 203.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (particular ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (importance ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (marked ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 193.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (vertical ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (broken ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (lines. ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 130.320000 170.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 23.160000 Tf 3.000000 0.0 Td (kTe] ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 99.240000 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18.720000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (negligible ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (pileup ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.240000 589.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (having ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (changed ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (little ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (value ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.800000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (0. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 341.880000 580.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (panel ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (shows ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (\(in ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (volts\) ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (arising ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.360000 570.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (component ) Tj 49.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.480000 560.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (E ) Tj 5.760000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (\177o/ax\). ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (E ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (x, ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (\177o, ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.480000 551.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (\(6\) ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (depend ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (upon ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 542.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gradient ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (gradient ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (\(since ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.600000 532.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (M ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (J/he\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 336.000000 523.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Moving ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (left ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (right ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (across ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (plot ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 513.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (rises, ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 58.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 504.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pointing ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (slows ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (down ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 218.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Fig. ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (1. ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (Plasma ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (parameters, ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (fields, ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (Vx,y ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 211.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (configuration ) Tj 53.640000 0.0 Td (shortly ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (after ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (beginning ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (t-he ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 201.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (run ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (text, ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 8.880000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (0.2 ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (s. ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (All ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 192.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (plotted ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (versus ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (x, ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (variation ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 183.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulation, ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (expressed ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (SI ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (units ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (convenient ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.600000 173.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (multiples ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (them. ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (format ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 164.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (show ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (development ) Tj 55.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 154.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj 47.640000 0.0 Td (figures. ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (upper ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (four ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (panels ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (show ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 145.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (\(the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (densities, ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (strength, ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 135.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (thermal ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (potential\), ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 126.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (lower ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (four ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (panels ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (show ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (y ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 116.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (plots ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (respectively. ) Tj 57.240000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 107.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (vertical ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (broken ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (lines ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (labeled ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (top ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 97.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (figure ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (denote ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (locations ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (distinct ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.120000 88.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (development ) Tj 53.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 78.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (and, ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (it, ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.120000 69.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (pressure, ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 55.920000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 60.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (behavior\), ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (significance ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 52.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (text. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 246.720000 487.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 24.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (............... ) Tj 75.000000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (accelerates ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (-2 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 485.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction. ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (reaches ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (maximum ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (A, ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (i.e., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.840000 476.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (falls ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (away ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 466.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (provide ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (pointing ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (acts ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 457.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.440000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (protons. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 447.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (bottom ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (four ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (panels ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 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12.480000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (plots. ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (v ) Tj 3.840000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 409.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (decreases ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (\177o ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (increases. ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.720000 400.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 56.400000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (plot ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (shows ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.600000 390.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (being ) 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21.480000 0.0 Td (limit, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 59.520000 388.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kms ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (4 ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (-, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 91.320000 380.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 4.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (-15 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 73.800000 342.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 17.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Vpy ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (,,; ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (..... ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (:,.',-- ) Tj 81.720000 0.0 Td (.:;.:..:'.,..:.. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 100.800000 342.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 4.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ('.' ) Tj 4.560000 0.0 Td (:r.;': ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td ('.\177..\177-\177,.-':-..i..: ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (,. ) Tj 4.680000 0.0 Td (;;:\177.',.,-.':::,?,;\177-\177.: ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (.\177. ) Tj 5.160000 0.0 Td (-..\177 ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (.4. ) Tj 7.560000 0.0 Td (~ ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 102.120000 336.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\337 ) Tj 2.400000 0.0 Td (-. ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (.. ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (.. ) Tj 62.640000 0.0 Td ('..--...::....\177....,.\177:.. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.000000 325.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 18.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kmsq ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (.... ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (.... ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (.. ) Tj 7.800000 0.0 Td (?... ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (.... ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj 5.640000 0.0 Td (:,,..\177....:. ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (:..-,,, ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (:. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 92.160000 316.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 18.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (-I ) Tj 125.280000 0.0 Td (I ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (\"\"'\177\"\370\177 ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (\"\177\"\" ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (' ) Tj 4.080000 0.0 Td (';'\"\" ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 241.560000 323.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\337 ) Tj 4.560000 0.0 Td (...\177'\1771 ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (...-'$--.\177 ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (.. ) Tj 5.400000 0.0 Td (-'. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 101.160000 313.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 13.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (.................................. ) Tj 132.240000 0.0 Td (l: ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (,.' ) Tj 8.040000 0.0 Td (:',';7.'-.: ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (.\".., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 98.880000 306.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (.\177,'..;,.;4,;.;;&':...\177.\177c\177.'.,4.:,'4:\177,',\177;,:::\177\(_.,' ) Tj 116.400000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 4.200000 0.0 Td (.... ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (l' ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 4.080000 0.0 Td (........... ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 119.280000 301.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (...... ) Tj 87.840000 0.0 Td ('y.. ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 5.040000 0.0 Td (._.'.-.. ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (\337 ) Tj 5.400000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 3.240000 0.0 Td (\337 ) Tj 4.440000 0.0 Td (.,\177:.*3i,'*.\177.'\177-r--\177- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 80.400000 293.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\17710 ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 121.200000 0.0 Td (:\177:-\" ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td ('.\177'Y. ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (\177-- ) Tj 7.440000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 4.800000 0.0 Td (...... ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 72.000000 272.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 16.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Vpx_ ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 256.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 14.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kms-1 ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (-, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 93.000000 253.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 0.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 98.880000 378.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ('. ) Tj 7.200000 0.0 Td (..................................... ) Tj 209.640000 0.0 Td (unperturbed ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (defining ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (good ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (approximation ) Tj 59.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 368.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (U_\177 ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 358.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (E_ ) Tj 5.760000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (=-U_tzAB ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (less ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (dense ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (accelerates. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 350.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ion ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (hand, ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.960000 340.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (determined ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (gradients, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 330.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (remaining ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (component ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 323.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (force. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 303.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3.2. ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (Field ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (Saturation/\"Snowplough\" ) Tj 96.600000 0.0 Td (Formation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 242.160000 251.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 40.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (j ) Tj 88.320000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (behaviour ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (early ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (times ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (continues ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (until ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 275.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.680000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (0.45 ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (s, ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (increasing ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 265.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (addition ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (flux ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 256.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (brought ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (freely ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (pass ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 100.920000 239.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 15.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (......... ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (\275 ) Tj 5.520000 0.0 Td (......... ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (;e ) Tj 5.040000 0.0 Td (....... ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (;s' ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (I\177ITI ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (\177x10 ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (plasma. ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (Around ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (time, ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 237.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (maximum ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (saturates ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (value ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 218.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Fig. ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (2. ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Situation ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (run ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (text ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 208.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (later ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (time, ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 8.040000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (0.45 ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (s. ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (plotted ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 199.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (format ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (1,, ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (different ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 189.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (vertical ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (scales, ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (clarity. ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (broken ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (lines ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (labeled ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 180.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (refer, ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (1, ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 170.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (it; ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 161.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (location ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (new ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (feature ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (electro ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 152.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (formed ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (marked ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (broken ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (line ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 142.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 55.800000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 132.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (plots, ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (significance ) Tj 50.280000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 124.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 8.760000 0.0 Td (whole ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (text. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 95.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (exchange ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (\(also ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (illustrated ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (1\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 85.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (multifluid ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (description ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (given, ) Tj 27.480000 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Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (figures, ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (once ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (again ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 191.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (plotted ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (different ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (scales. ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (Note ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (one ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 182.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (every ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (30 ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (computational ) Tj 57.240000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (plotted ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 173.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (plots, ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (absence ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (points ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (some ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 163.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (implies ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (small, ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (necessarily ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (zero, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.080000 155.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (there. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 132.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (140-160 ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (C\), ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 122.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (increased ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (dramatically. ) Tj 61.320000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (fine ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (structures ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 113.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (E ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (course ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (depend ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (strongly ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (choice ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.920000 104.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (fix, ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (overall ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (morphology ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 95.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (persist ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (changes ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (resistivity ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 85.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (grid ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (size ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (several ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (orders ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (\(until ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.440000 76.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (large ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (cannot ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (resolved\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 64.320000 66.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (net ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (result ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (produce ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 730.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sufficient ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (substantially ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (retard ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 720.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(which ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (mean ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (energy ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (\177- ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (1300 ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (eV\), ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.920000 710.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (clearly ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (v ) Tj 4.200000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (plot. ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 701.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (strongly ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (scattered ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 692.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (fluctuations ) Tj 47.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 682.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(corresponding ) Tj 61.560000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (fluctuations ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 673.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gradient\) ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (whole ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (upstream. ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (Their ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 663.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (\177- ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (UaAB ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (\(+9\) ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (Once ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (again ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 654.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (balanced ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (opposite ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 645.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (-9\) ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (direction. ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (Notice ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 635.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (acquired ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (9 ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (velocities ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (comparable ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 626.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (velocity. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 334.560000 616.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (short ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (later ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (3, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 608.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (0.5 ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (s. ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (Here ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 597.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (steepened, ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (spikes ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (\(just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 588.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 52.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (B\) ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (having ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (increased ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 578.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnitude ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (moved ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (downstream, ) Tj 54.000000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 569.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 57.240000 0.0 Td (accelerating ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (structure. ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 559.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 550.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (C ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (closely ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (follow ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 540.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (variation ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (pressure, ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (rather ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 531.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (field. ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (It ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.000000 521.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(as ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 512.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (plot\) ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (begins ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (sharply ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (decelerate ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (even ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (reflect ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.760000 503.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (protons. ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.640000 493.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 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Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (associated ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 566.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (overshoot ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 556.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (x-,-168 ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (km, ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (depleted ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 547.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (swept ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (up ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (form ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (population. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.040000 537.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (To ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (some ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (extent, ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (fine ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (details ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.040000 528.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (suggested ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (model ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (influenced ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (choice ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 519.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (profile, ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (turn ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.040000 509.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (affect, ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (instance, ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (proportion ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 499.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (later ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (times ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (accelerating ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 490.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (opposed ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (downstream. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 325.680000 480.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Our ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (final ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (figure ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (sequence, ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (5, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.160000 473.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (shows ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (0.75 ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (s. ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.280000 462.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 66.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (spike ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (moved ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.280000 452.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream, ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.400000 443.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 57.120000 0.0 Td (constant. ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (spike ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.400000 433.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (velocity, ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.400000 425.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (43 ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 3.480000 0.0 Td (TM ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (-* ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (10%. ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (later ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.400000 414.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direct ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (result ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.520000 405.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (region. ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (balance ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.520000 396.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 43.800000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (\(that ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (is, ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (C\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 385.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Equivalently, ) Tj 55.560000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (electro.:n.\177 ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (dominates ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.520000 377.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (location, ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 367.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (remaining ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 357.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 59.040000 0.0 Td (static. ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (locations ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 312.000000 348.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(x ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (-,-C\), ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (\(x ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (-,- ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (A\) ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 339.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 56.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (\(x ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (-,- ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (B\) ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.760000 329.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (separated ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.760000 320.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (latter ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (moved ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (downstream. ) Tj 57.720000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (clearly ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 310.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (potential, ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.760000 301.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (profiles. ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (quasi-steady ) Tj 52.680000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (morphology ) Tj 50.880000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.760000 291.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (formed ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (maintains ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (high ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (plateau ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.760000 282.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (C ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (tends ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 273.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (separate ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.520000 263.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 50.400000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (prevents ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (migration ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 254.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 55.800000 0.0 Td (regions. ) Tj 53.640000 0.0 Td (Careful ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 133.200000 241.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.960000 Tf 178.320000 0.0 Td (examination ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (individual ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (locations ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.640000 235.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (time, ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (times ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (shows ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (case. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 311.520000 225.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The' ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td ('p\177tential.\1772\177mp' ) Tj 64.440000 0.0 Td (tBat ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (accelerates ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 54.720000 178.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (systematically ) Tj 56.040000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 54.720000 169.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (downstream. ) Tj 56.640000 0.0 Td (Hence ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 54.720000 160.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (plots ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (central ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 54.720000 150.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (\(downstream ) Tj 51.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (C\) ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 54.720000 140.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 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Td (conditions, ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.480000 560.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (no ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (longer ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (physically ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (meaningful. ) Tj 55.920000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.600000 550.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (physics ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (breaks ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (down ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (when ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 541.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (propagating ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (finally ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (reaches ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 531.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (right-hand ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (box, ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.960000 522.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (brings ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 514.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (end. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 92.040000 494.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\1770 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 68.280000 452.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kms- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 66.840000 383.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kms ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 85.680000 359.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\1771022 ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (.. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.600000 328.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 26.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Vpy ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (;. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 66.840000 321.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (kms-1- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 85.440000 293.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\17710 ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (2' ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.440000 493.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3.4. ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (Summary ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (Simulation ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (Results ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 336.600000 474.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (summarize ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (entire ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (sequence ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (events ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 465.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (examining ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (net ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (forces ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (act ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 455.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (whole. ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (An ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (expression ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (individual ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 446.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (obtained ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (\(9\), ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (form ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 438.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 334.200000 417.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (av\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 334.200000 400.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177t ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 464.040000 415.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 353.160000 403.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 13.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (pc\177V_\177c\177.VV\177 ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (en\177 ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (\(V__\177 ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (\177, ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (n\177,V_\177, ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 8.400000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (_B ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 411.000000 383.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (nc\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 424.800000 373.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (v. ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (\(_T+P ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (e\) ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 8.640000 0.0 Td (v. ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (Pa ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (\(11 ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.680000 345.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (\"i^B_\" ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (force ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (expressed ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 338.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (convenience ) Tj 51.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (Maxwell ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (stress ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (tensor ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (\177. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 326.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Adding ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (V_\177 ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (times ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (continuity ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (\(of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (density\) ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (equation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.440000 318.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (sides ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (\(11\) ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (summing ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (c\177 ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (gives ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 329.160000 302.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (8 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 289.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177.- ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (\(p\177V_\177\) ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (V. ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (\(p\177V_\177V_\177 ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (P\177\) ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (V.\(T ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (Pe\) ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (\(12\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 283.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (c\177 ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (8t ) Tj 57.480000 0.0 Td (c\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 262.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (U__c\177B ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (term ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (describes ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 254.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (locally ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (having ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (vanished ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 246.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (summation. ) Tj 66.960000 0.0 Td (Therefore ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 181.200000 235.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (X ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (kiT\) ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (m ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (x10 ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (25 ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (ohe-dimensional ) Tj 65.760000 0.0 Td (simulation, ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (components ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 217.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Fig. ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (5. ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (Final ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (figure ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (sequence ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 209.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (run ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (text ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (once ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (again ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 199.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (format ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (figures. ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (time, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 189.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.920000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (0.75 ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (s, ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (reached ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 179.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (quasi-steady ) Tj 58.320000 0.0 Td (configuration ) Tj 60.960000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (effects ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 170.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (ions. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 150.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gyrate ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (field. ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (Ultimately ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (planar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 141.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (geometry ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (complete ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.120000 131.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gyromotion ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 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3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (0.25 ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (decrease ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (PT ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 51.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (peaks ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 669.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 660.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (acceleration ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (beginning ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (take ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (place ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 652.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (time. ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (result ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 641.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (producing ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (asymmetric ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 631.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (bipolar ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (maximum ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 622.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (1\). ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 612.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(at ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (150 ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (km\) ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (dominated ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 603.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (gradient, ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (while ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.760000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (\(at ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (170 ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (km\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 593.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (includes ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (contributions ) Tj 54.240000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (partial ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (pressures. ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 584.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sum ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (partial ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (produces ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (double ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 272.640000 575.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 13.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (0,\177.5S ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (hump ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (potential, ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (effect ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 565.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (directly ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (plot ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 556.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (1. ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (Thus ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (exchange ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 546.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (stage ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (achieved ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (directly ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (via ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 537.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (gradients ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (piled ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (up ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 527.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (flux. ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (Resistive ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (heating ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 518.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (gradient ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (already ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (occurring, ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 507.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (producing ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (172 ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (km. ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (Hence ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.960000 498.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.960000 489.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (peak, ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (subsequently ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 480.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (forms ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 52.440000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (acting ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 470.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 55.920000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (ions. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 338.400000 461.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (heating ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (continues ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (until ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 452.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (begins ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (comparable ) Tj 47.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 443.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ram ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (pressure. ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (occurs ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.560000 0.0 Td (\"- ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (0.45 ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 8.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 433.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (panels ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (6. ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (stage ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 423.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (evolved ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (peaks ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.600000 414.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 58.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (gradient ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 405.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (maxima ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (field. ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.600000 395.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (reached ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (maximum ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (value ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (remains ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 272.640000 384.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (0.755 ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (\(approximately\) ) Tj 66.240000 0.0 Td (throughout ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (remainder ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (run. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 375.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (\(at ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (150 ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (km\) ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (noisy ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (but ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 366.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (grown ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (significantly ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (larger ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 357.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (peak; ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (responsible ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (substantially ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 348.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (retards ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (protons, ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 338.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2, ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (location ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (decreases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 328.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sharply. ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (\(at ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (180 ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (kin\) ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 319.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (peak, ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 309.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 59.640000 0.0 Td (twice ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (large ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 300.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (B\177/2/t0, ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (exchange ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 291.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 281.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (phase ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (space ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (plots ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (proceeding ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 272.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td 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700.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.440000 0.0 Td (\(in ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (+x\) ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (until ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (160 ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (km, ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.640000 690.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (drops ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (scattered ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.640000 681.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential, ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (minimum ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.640000 672.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (pressure. ) Tj 50.640000 0.0 Td (Downstream ) Tj 54.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (location ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 662.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 652.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (order, ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (providing ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (earlier ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 645.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (times. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.920000 633.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (ratio ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (does ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 624.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (change ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (appreciably ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (later ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (times, ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.400000 614.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (bottom ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (panels, ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (showing ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.400000 605.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 7.800000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (0.75 ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (s. ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (Here, ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.280000 595.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (minimum ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (disappeared ) Tj 50.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.280000 586.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential. ) Tj 54.720000 0.0 Td (Consequently ) Tj 58.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (now ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.160000 576.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 57.360000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (throughout ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (piled ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (up ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.160000 567.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (flux ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (enhanced ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (pressure, ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (dropping ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.040000 558.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 53.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 60.840000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 548.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population. ) Tj 51.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (peaks ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (pressure, ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 538.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (180 ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (km, ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (200 ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (km, ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (once ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (again ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (correspond ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 529.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (populations. ) Tj 55.440000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 519.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (final ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (steady ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (configuration ) Tj 59.760000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (identify ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (several ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 510.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (well-defined ) Tj 51.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (separated ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (features. ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 500.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (contains ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (counterstreaming ) Tj 67.800000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (ions. ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (Solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 491.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (retarded ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (and/or ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (reflected ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (location ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 481.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (sharp ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (rise ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (pressures. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 472.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (continues ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (rise ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 463.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 51.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (peak, ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (coincides ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 453.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (population. ) Tj 61.800000 0.0 Td (Finally, ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (smowploughed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 443.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (located ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 435.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (maximum, ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 425.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (peaks, ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (producing ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 61.080000 0.0 Td (driving ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 415.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential. ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (sharp ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (gradients ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 406.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (correspond ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 396.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (located, ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (indicating ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 387.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (restricted ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (net ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (rate ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 378.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (change ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (occurs. ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 368.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (implies ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (construct ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (simple ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (analytical ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (model ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 359.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which, ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (approximation, ) Tj 61.800000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (describe ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (steady ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 349.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 57.240000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (population, ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 340.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (done ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (next ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (section. ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (principle, ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (such ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 330.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (model ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (yield ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (estimate ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 321.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (function ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (given ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (parameters ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (any ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (particular ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 311.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (flow. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.200000 302.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Finally, ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (perhaps ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (worth ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (comparing ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 292.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (those ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 283.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (hybrid ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (performed ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Lui ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td ([1986]. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 273.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Although ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (principles ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (calculation ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (similar ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 264.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (those ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (here, ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (methodology ) Tj 52.800000 0.0 Td (differs ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (principally ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.920000 255.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (respects. ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (First, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (resolve ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (details ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 245.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (employed ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 236.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (larger ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 43.800000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (grid ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 226.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (represents ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (finer ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (real ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (space. ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (Secondly, ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 217.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (density, ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (Gaussian ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.040000 207.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (',- ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (30 ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (extent, ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (Lui ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (examine ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.920000 198.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (behaviour ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (entire ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (cloud, ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (leads ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (sharper ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 189.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (gradient ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (here. ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (Thus ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.920000 179.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (initially ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.920000 170.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (introduced ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (occupies ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (smaller ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (fraction ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 160.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (box, ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (reducing ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (effective ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 151.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (takes ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (place ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 141.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dominated, ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (least ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (initially, ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (upon ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 132.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (varies. ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (Hence ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (gross ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 122.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (Lui ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (namely, ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 113.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 48.840000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (slowed ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 103.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (reflected ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (enhanced ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 94.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (those ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (reported ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (here. ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (analysis, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 84.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (key ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (process ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 75.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (revealed ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (consequence ) Tj 54.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (improved ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 65.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (boundary ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (layer ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (structure. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 728.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3.5. ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (Estimate ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (Snowplough ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (Speed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 333.120000 709.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (First, ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (assume ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (stream ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (\(with ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.600000 699.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (Vsw ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (nsw ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (interact ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 690.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (structure, ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (suffering ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (effective ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 681.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (collision ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (coefficient ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (restitution ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (e. ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Neglecting ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (any ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 671.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (motion, ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (frame ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 660.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowplough, ) Tj 55.080000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (Vsp ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (velocity ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (after ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 650.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (-e\(Vs\177-Vsp ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (\). ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (Their ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (change ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 643.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (rest ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (frame ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (\(ifi ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.960000 631.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (Vsw ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 7.800000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (AP ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (x ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (-\(Vsw-V ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 7.560000 0.0 Td (\)\(l+e\)mp, ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (that, ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 624.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (particle ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (flux ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (interacting ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 612.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (nsw\(Vsw-Vsp ) Tj 49.680000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (rate ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (delivered ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 605.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 348.360000 580.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dPsp ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (dPsw ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 348.480000 565.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 516.480000 580.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 3.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 421.080000 571.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(l+e\) ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (mpnsw\(Vsw-Vsp\) ) Tj 82.440000 0.0 Td (\(15\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.960000 542.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 50.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (encounters ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 532.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 56.160000 0.0 Td (stationary ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (rest ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 522.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (frame. ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (suggest ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (interacting ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 513.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (simply ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 504.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (\(with ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (subscript ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 416.040000 501.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Vsp' ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 494.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (denoting ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (population\) ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (any ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 485.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (tranferred ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (newly ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 55.320000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 386.400000 461.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dPsp ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 385.680000 451.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 12.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (-- ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (nR\(Xsp\(t\),t\) ) Tj 61.800000 0.0 Td (rnRV\177p ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 386.400000 446.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 535.440000 454.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(16\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.320000 421.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (Xsp\(t ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 8.160000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (position ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (t. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.320000 413.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Equation-\(16\) ) Tj 60.720000 0.0 Td (implicitly ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (assumes ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (interact ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 403.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (once ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (snowplough, ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (true ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (provided ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.320000 391.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (Vsp ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (decreasing ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (dVsp/dt ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (g ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (0\). ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 384.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (equate ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (\(15\) ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (\(16\) ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (give ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 350.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Vsp ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 349.320000 345.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (l+c\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 460.680000 345.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 27.000000 Tf 9.000000 0.0 Td (\(e+l\) ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (_n_s.w_m_p ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (' ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (.]\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 367.800000 342.600000 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(\337 ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (\177, ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (is, ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (when ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 283.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (into ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (regions ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (ever ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (increasing ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (constant ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (number ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.560000 274.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density. ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (situation ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (arises ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.320000 264.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 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20.640000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (retarding ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (C, ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 198.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 53.160000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 188.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 51.600000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (good ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 179.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximation. ) Tj 65.040000 0.0 Td (Hence ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (appropriate ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (choose ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (0, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 169.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td ('\177 ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (100 ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (cm ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (-a ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (\(17\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 159.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (find ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (V ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (s ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (42 ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (km ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (s-\177, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (is 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0.000000 0.0 Td (expanding ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (photoionizing ) Tj 54.720000 0.0 Td (neutrals ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (finite ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (extent\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 660.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (such ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (DnR\(Xsp\(t\),t\)/Dt ) Tj 71.400000 0.0 Td (< ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (0, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 653.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (requiring ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (integration ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (\(18\), ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (leave ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (detailed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.240000 643.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (calculation ) Tj 43.800000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (publication. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 349.320000 624.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (4. ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (Implications ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (Releases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 186.480000 534.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (p ) Tj 55.320000 0.0 Td (Li ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 183.120000 508.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (B=0 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 453.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Fig. ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (7. ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (schematic ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (diagram ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (quasi-steady ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.240000 443.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 67.920000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.640000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (process ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (revealed ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 434.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (text, ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (set ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 426.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (three-dimensional ) Tj 71.400000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (cloud. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 415.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (plane ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (simplified ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (diagram ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (perpendicular ) Tj 56.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 405.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 6.960000 0.0 Td (0 ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (contains ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 396.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (V ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 386.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (E_ ) Tj 5.760000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (-U_RAB ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (\(here ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (simplicity ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (V__ ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 58.200000 377.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (.perpendicular ) Tj 60.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (B; ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (i.e., ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (points ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (out ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 367.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (plane\). ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (Hence ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (center ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (lies ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (plane, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 358.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (it, ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (spacecraft. ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (spanned ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 349.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (one;-dimensional ) Tj 66.840000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (indicated ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (thick, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 339.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (double-headed ) Tj 60.480000 0.0 Td (arrow, ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (point ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (some ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (angle ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (/5 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 330.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (-3 ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (GSE ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 320.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction\), ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (loading ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 311.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (deflect ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 301.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (shown. ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (These ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 292.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (arrive ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (decelerating ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (\(dashed ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (line\) ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 282.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (strongly ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (compressed ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (fraction ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 273.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (reflected. ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (Release ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 263.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (under ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (influence ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 254.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (potential. ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (Further ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.080000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (edge ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 245.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (associated ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 235.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ions\), ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (picked ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (up ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (en ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (masse ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 226.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 47.760000 0.0 Td (type ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (process' ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (population, ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (denoted ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 216.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (hatched ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (toward ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (IRM. ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 208.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (structures ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (fast ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 197.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (overtakes ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 188.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (cavity, ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 178.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (passed ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (disturbed ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (structures. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 99.840000 150.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dPsp ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (d ) Tj 76.320000 0.0 Td (dM ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (dVsp ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 144.120000 141.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(MVsp\) ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (Vsp ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (-- ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.360000 0.0 Td (M ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 99.840000 135.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 76.320000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 112.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 103.920000 107.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 16.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (. ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (I ) Tj 4.680000 0.0 Td (t ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 113.880000 108.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.840000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (m ) Tj 4.800000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 4.560000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (Vsp ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 120.000000 104.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 4.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (o ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 86.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.160000 0.0 Td (identical ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (\(16\) ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (except ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (addition ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 77.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (last ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (term ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (right-hand ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (side. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.240000 67.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Given ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (nR\(r,t ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (\) ) Tj 9.480000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 329.640000 606.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (So ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (far ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (simplest ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (possible ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (geometry ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.240000 596.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (simple ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 587.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (investigate ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (general ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (properties ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.240000 577.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (takes ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (place ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 568.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (flow. ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (steady ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (configuration ) Tj 53.760000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.360000 560.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (evolve ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (allows ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (transferred ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 549.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (smaller ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 540.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (respective ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (gyroscales ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.480000 530.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (stages ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (releases. ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (Here ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (make ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 521.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (brief ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (comparison ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.600000 511.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (measurements, ) Tj 61.320000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (requires ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.720000 502.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 68.160000 0.0 Td (geometry ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.840000 492.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (three-dimensional ) Tj 71.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (configuration. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.360000 483.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (An ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (attempt ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (do ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (7, ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 315.960000 473.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (drawn ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (plane ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (perpendicular ) Tj 58.560000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (undisturbed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 464.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 39.840000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (containing ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 454.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (passing ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (center ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.080000 445.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (For ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (idealized ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (spherical ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (lies ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 436.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (plane, ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (simplicity ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (assume ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 425.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (V_sw.B ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (0, ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (must ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 417.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (everywhere ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (perpendicular ) Tj 59.160000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (plane ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (\(since ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.320000 407.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (average ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (change ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (draping ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (around ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 398.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (obstacle ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (formed ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (release, ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (effect ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (treated ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 388.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 68.760000 0.0 Td (code ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (\(13.F\)13 ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (0\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 379.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (plane ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (also ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (contains ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 369.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (net ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (E_ ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (c ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (-U\177, ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 360.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (figure ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (ions. ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (On ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (sketch ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 351.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (one ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (dimensional ) Tj 49.440000 0.0 Td (study ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (apply ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 341.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (around ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (ion-population ) Tj 60.960000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 332.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (magnetic, ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (electron, ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (pressure ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 322.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (important ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (equations ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (describing ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 313.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (motions ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (all ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (involved ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (\(cf. ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (\(9\) ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (\(11\)\). ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 303.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Further ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (release, ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (mass ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (loading ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 294.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (less ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (dramatic, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 285.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (term ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (right-hand ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (\(9\) ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (\(11\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 276.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (dominate, ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (so ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (more ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 266.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (\"test\" ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (particles, ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (principally ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 254.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (-U_RAB ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (U ) Tj 6.840000 0.0 Td (R ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (V_ ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (_Vp ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 247.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.200000 235.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (Vp, ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (rather ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (than, ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (instance, ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 225.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 13.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (downs\177eam ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (V_p. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 219.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Examples ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td 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/F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (8 ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (\(reproduced ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (Gurnett ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (al. ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td ([1986a, ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (b]\). ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 491.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (cases ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (signatures ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (similar, ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (quantities ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (differing ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 481.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (absolute ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (magnitudes. ) Tj 55.680000 0.0 Td (Looking ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 472.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (see ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (each ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 462.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (clearly ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (identified ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (rapid ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (suppression ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 453.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (zero ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (forms, ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 443.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (increase ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (maximum ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (value ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (marking ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 434.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (edge ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (IRM. ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 424.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (decreases ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (due, ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (presumably, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 415.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (expansion ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (subsequently ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 405.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (increases ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (encountered ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 396.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (begins ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (increase. ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 386.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (correspond ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 55.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 377.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (numerical ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 367.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (expected ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (arrive ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 358.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (prior ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (peak ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 349.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (case. ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (Later ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (plot, ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 339.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (locations ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (simulation, ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 330.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (falls ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (away ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (fairly ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (rapidly. ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 320.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (correspond ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (plateau ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 312.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (results. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 337.320000 301.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (major ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (dip ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (lB ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (I, ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (corresponding ) Tj 56.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 292.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (simulation, ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (intense ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 283.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (burst ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (electrostatic ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (IRM, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (extending ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 273.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (still ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 264.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (disturbed. ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (disturbed ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (corresponds ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 254.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (backstreaming ) Tj 56.880000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 245.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (interact ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 44.400000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 235.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (population, ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (resulting ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (increased ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 226.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (field. ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (one-dimensional ) Tj 67.080000 0.0 Td (hybrid ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (code ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (here, ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 216.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (chosen ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (principally ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (investigate ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (kinetic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 207.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (therefore ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (restrictive ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (prevent ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 197.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (detailed ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (comparisons ) Tj 51.960000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (wave ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 189.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (data. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 340.920000 178.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (problem ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (raised ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (these, ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (earlier, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.040000 169.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (those ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (Lui ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (al.\) ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (no ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (clear ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.160000 160.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (observation ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (made ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (backstreaming ) Tj 57.240000 0.0 Td (protons ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 150.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (moves ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (disturbed ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 141.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (region, ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (least ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 321.120000 131.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([Paschmann ) Tj 49.200000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (1986]. ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (intensities ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.280000 122.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (detected ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (wave ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (instrument, ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (substantial, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 112.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (appear ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (consideration ) Tj 53.040000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (insufficient ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (scatter ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 103.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (reflecting ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (beam ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (render ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 93.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (unobservable. ) Tj 66.120000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (possibility ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (resolving ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.400000 84.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (problem ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (that, ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (case ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (lithium, ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (reflected ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 320.520000 74.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (proton ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (beam ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 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(al., ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (1986a, ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (b] ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 465.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (indeed ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (data, ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (although ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 455.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (course ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (resistive ) Tj 35.880000 0.0 Td (model ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (best ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (mimic ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 447.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (expected ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (behavior. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 81.720000 436.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (indication ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (gross ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (behavior ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 427.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (given ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (ground ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (based ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (optical ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 419.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (measurements ) Tj 57.600000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (available ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (releases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 408.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([Valenzuela ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (1986]. ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (Briefly, ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (images ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (reveal ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 398.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (subsequent ) Tj 47.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.840000 390.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (returns ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (location, ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 380.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (seen ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (initially ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (en ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (masse ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (close ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 370.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (+V_swAB, ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 359.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (before ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (finally ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (being ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (transported ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (-V_sw ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 351.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction. ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (simple ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (picture ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (7 ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 341.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (correspond ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (through ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 332.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (disturbed ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 323.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (deflected ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (by' ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (extraction ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 314.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (upstream. ) Tj 52.680000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (demonstrated ) Tj 57.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (brief ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 304.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (discussion ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (there ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 296.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (account ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 285.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (cloud. ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (However, ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (note ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (draping ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 276.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (external ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (over ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (cloud, ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 266.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (produced ) Tj 39.600000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (skew ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (flow, ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 256.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (its ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (ultimate ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 47.880000 0.0 Td (displacement ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 248.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([Dunlop ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (1987]. ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (itself ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 237.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([Haerendel ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (1986] ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (appears ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 228.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (deflected ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (skew ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 219.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (displacement ) Tj 52.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 210.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (cloud\). ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (Interpretation ) Tj 56.760000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (measurements ) Tj 57.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 200.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (flow, ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (indeed ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (detailed ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (spectra ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (themselves, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 191.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (made ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (events ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (is, ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (however, ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (difficult ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 182.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (instruments ) Tj 48.240000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (board ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (UKS ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (IRM ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (cannot ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 171.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (distinguish ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (species ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (different ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (masses. ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (It ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.480000 162.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (therefore ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (beyond ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (scope ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (paper ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (attempt ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 152.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (determine ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (displacement ) Tj 51.960000 0.0 Td (angle ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 145.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (data. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 80.880000 133.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Our ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (further ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (predict ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (presence ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.040000 0.0 Td (fast ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 124.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (ions, ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (moving ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 58.080000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 114.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(although ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (slightly ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (displaced ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (from\) ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (longitudinal ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (\(\177\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.240000 105.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (\(see ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (7\) ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (hence ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.360000 96.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximately ) Tj 62.160000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.120000 86.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 56.880000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (ions. ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.240000 77.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (clearly ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (identified ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (images ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (taken ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (Mendillo ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.120000 67.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (Baumgardner ) Tj 54.960000 0.0 Td (\(reported ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (Valenzue!a ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td ([1986]\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.760000 729.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (release. ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (At ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (lower ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (intensities, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.760000 720.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (observed, ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (such ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 710.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 700.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (much ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (larger ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (scale ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (above, ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 690.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (streaming ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (opposite ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 681.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 39.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (predominant ) Tj 54.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (\(i.e., ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.400000 672.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (opposite ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (snowploughed ) Tj 57.600000 0.0 Td (population ) Tj 44.880000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (scenario ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.280000 661.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.480000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (7\). ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (Here ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (simply ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (note ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (that, ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (provided ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (\177$he ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 652.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (7'\177is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 643.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sufficiently ) Tj 45.360000 0.0 Td (large, ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (forces ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 633.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (populations ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (directions ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (clearly ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (exist. ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (Release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 624.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (created ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (outside ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 614.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (opposite ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 605.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (interacting ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (same ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (jump ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (acts ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 595.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (slow ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (down ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (protons, ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (example ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 586.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (shown ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 50.040000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (here. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 576.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Futhermore, ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (subjected ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 566.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (acceleration ) Tj 49.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (V. ) Tj 5.880000 0.0 Td (AB ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 44.640000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 559.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which, ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (if ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.680000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (become ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (distorted ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 548.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 43.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (point ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 539.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (flow. ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (Further ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (analysis ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 530.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (determine ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (whether ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 520.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (description ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (can ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (account ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (quantitatively ) Tj 58.320000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (actual ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 512.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (observations. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 333.480000 501.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (One ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (important ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (result ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (simulations ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.920000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (no ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 491.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (succeed ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (traversing ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (quasi-steady ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 482.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (boundary, ) Tj 43.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (move ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (from ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (diamagnetic ) Tj 50.400000 0.0 Td (cavity ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 472.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (\(or ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (vice ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (versa\). ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (Thus ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 463.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (exchange ) Tj 40.440000 0.0 Td (responsible ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 454.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (whole, ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (formation ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (fast ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (tail ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 444.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (structures, ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (flow, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 435.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (must, ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (if ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (proceeding ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (via ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (scenario ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (7, ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 426.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (achieved ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (ionization ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (were ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 416.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (outside ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (snowplough-forming ) Tj 81.360000 0.0 Td (region. ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (Therefore ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 406.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (description ) Tj 49.920000 0.0 Td (suggested ) Tj 44.160000 0.0 Td (above, ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (required ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 398.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (not ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (achieved ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (via ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 387.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\"extraction\" ) Tj 52.080000 0.0 Td (mechanism ) Tj 48.720000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (en,visaged ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (authors ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 378.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td ([e.g., ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (Haerendel ) Tj 43.080000 0.0 Td (et ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (al., ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (1986; ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (Cheng, ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (1987]. ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (Even ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (if ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 369.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (extraction ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (process ) Tj 36.120000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (possible ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (aspects ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 360.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (neglected ) Tj 59.760000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (\(three-dimensional ) Tj 95.040000 0.0 Td (structure, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 350.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (microinstabilities, ) Tj 69.480000 0.0 Td (etc.\) ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (recoil ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (lost ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 340.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (particles ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (they ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (essentially ) Tj 44.760000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (local ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 331.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (convection ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (transferred ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 321.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 32.760000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (indirectly ) Tj 42.120000 0.0 Td (via ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (accompanying ) Tj 59.280000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 312.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (B, ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (sketched ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (Figure ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (7. ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (An ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 302.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (alternative ) Tj 42.960000 0.0 Td (suggestion ) Tj 42.240000 0.0 Td (\(Papadopoulos ) Tj 57.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (Lui, ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (1986] ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.440000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 292.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (cloud ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (due ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (E_A\177B ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 283.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (drift ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (originally ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (were ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.680000 274.440000 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Hָ$KҺicZ mnS.Z &RVoN#pݱ!npuߺ|'Ұ׏F> stream Q BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.600000 765.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (11,072 ) Tj 107.520000 0.0 Td (Chapman ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Schwartz: ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (Boundary ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (Layer ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (Processes ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (Releases ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 730.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (focus ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (detail ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (way ) Tj 21.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.720000 720.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 32.880000 0.0 Td (proceeds ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (between ) Tj 34.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (species. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.240000 711.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Our ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (main ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (findings ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (as ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (follows: ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.840000 701.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (1. ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (quasi-steady ) Tj 51.480000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 30.840000 0.0 Td (structure ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (evolves ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 60.960000 693.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (allows ) Tj 28.080000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (take ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (place ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 683.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (smaller ) Tj 31.080000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (gyroscales ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (species. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 673.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Both ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (pressures ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (act ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 665.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (incident ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (en ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 654.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (masse ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 49.440000 0.0 Td (type ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (process. ) Tj 42.480000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 644.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (spike ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (accelerated ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (downstream ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 634.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (peak, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (observations. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 88.320000 626.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Transverse ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (oncoming- ) Tj 43.800000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (direction, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 616.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.160000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (solely ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (\"VAB\" ) Tj 29.880000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.920000 606.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (significant ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (upstream ) Tj 41.640000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.040000 597.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (population. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 80.880000 588.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (3. ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (From ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (simple ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (considerations ) Tj 57.360000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (analytical ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (estimate ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.160000 578.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (snowplough ) Tj 48.840000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (has ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (obtained ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.480000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.640000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.400000 569.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (excellent ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (agreement ) Tj 52.200000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 29.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 51.120000 0.0 Td (results. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.400000 559.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ultimately, ) Tj 50.760000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (should ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (allow ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (\177caling ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 548.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj 41.160000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (parameters.\177. ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (actual ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.640000 542.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (releases. ) Tj 135.600000 0.0 Td (\177.. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 80.040000 531.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (4. ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (previous ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (section, ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (discussed ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (details ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.760000 523.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 22.560000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 512.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (three-dimensional ) Tj 78.720000 0.0 Td (geometry ) Tj 45.240000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (actual ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (releases. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.880000 502.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.000000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Although ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (study ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (simplified ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (density ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.000000 493.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (profile ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.680000 0.0 Td (one ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (dimension, ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 41.880000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.000000 483.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simplifications ) Tj 58.200000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (allowed ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (reveals ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (details ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (which, ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.120000 475.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (context ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (discussion, ) Tj 43.440000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (clear ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (parallels ) Tj 34.560000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (data. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 464.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (particular, ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (within ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (qualitative ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (framework ) Tj 45.000000 0.0 Td (presented ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.120000 456.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (here ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.240000 446.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 41.400000 0.0 Td (displacement ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 436.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (clouds, ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (ion ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (taillike ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (features ) Tj 34.680000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.360000 427.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (directed ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (transverse ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (ambient ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (flow, ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (VAB ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 417.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (oncoming ) Tj 41.040000 0.0 Td (protons, ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (enhancement ) Tj 52.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.480000 408.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (direction ) Tj 38.160000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (skew ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (draped ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (field, ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.600000 398.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (presence ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (heated ) Tj 28.920000 0.0 Td (electrons ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (inside ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (cavity. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 731.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (typical ) Tj 29.640000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (values. ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (places ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.960000 0.0 Td (lower ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 722.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (limit ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 14.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (grid ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (consistency ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (\(rather ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 712.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (than ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (Debye ) Tj 28.560000 0.0 Td (length ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.800000 0.0 Td (typically ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (\177. ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (7.4 ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (m ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 703.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (wind\) ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (simulations. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.160000 684.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Massless ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (Electron ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (Approximation ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 344.880000 665.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (We ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (shall ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (briefly ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (compare ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (magnitudes ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.640000 655.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (inertial ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (remaining ) Tj 46.320000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 39.360000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.520000 646.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (equation, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 372.360000 610.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 24.720000 Tf 8.040000 0.0 Td (d_V ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 47.880000 0.0 Td (d_V ) Tj 9.600000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (] ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 351.600000 617.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (nm ) Tj 9.720000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 42.840000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (Vex ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 380.520000 610.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 57.600000 0.0 Td (dx ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 332.400000 581.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 3.960000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (---- ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (en ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 423.600000 572.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 24.480000 Tf 19.440000 0.0 Td (dP ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 380.160000 579.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 11.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (_E ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (VeAl3 ) Tj 53.400000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 443.040000 572.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 5.520000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dx ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 466.320000 580.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (ne\177;_J ) Tj 48.840000 0.0 Td (\(A4\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.360000 552.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (order ) Tj 25.320000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (find ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (conditions ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (under ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (which ) Tj 27.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (inertial ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.120000 541.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.240000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (may ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (neglected. ) Tj 53.760000 0.0 Td (Looking ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.360000 532.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (component ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (\(A4\) ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (gives ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 496.560000 523.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 3.720000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 348.960000 499.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 25.200000 Tf 7.440000 0.0 Td (Vix ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (Vix ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (2 ) Tj 8.400000 0.0 Td (] ) Tj 48.840000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (B ) Tj 4.920000 0.0 Td (z ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (nTe ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 506.040000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (m ) Tj 5.280000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 47.400000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 52.800000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (n ) Tj 9.000000 0.0 Td (- ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 361.680000 497.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (T ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 66.960000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 23.880000 0.0 Td (LPo ) Tj 33.360000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 530.280000 483.840000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (\(AS\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.480000 463.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.880000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 27.600000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (Vix ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (Vex, ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (eEx. ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 16.560000 0.0 Td (e, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.720000 452.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Jy ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.120000 0.0 Td (nq ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (Vey ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (Pe ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 10.680000 0.0 Td (nTe, ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (L ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (T ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (typical ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 318.840000 444.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (length ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (timescales. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 337.560000 436.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (condition ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (two ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (terms ) Tj 25.920000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (left-hand ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.080000 425.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (negligible ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (compared ) Tj 41.760000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (each ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (individual ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (term ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 319.200000 415.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (right-hand ) Tj 43.920000 0.0 Td (side ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (then ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (gives ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 353.280000 397.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (dVe ) Tj 29.040000 0.0 Td (term' ) Tj 66.480000 0.0 Td (Vex ) Tj 24.240000 0.0 Td (dVe ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (term: ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 162.120000 379.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Appendix ) Tj 191.280000 0.0 Td (dt ) Tj 119.760000 0.0 Td (dx ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 78.360000 359.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (study ) Tj 26.040000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (assumed ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (quasi-neutrality ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.720000 350.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 37.440000 0.0 Td (approximation ) Tj 60.120000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (consistent ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 341.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.400000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (scales ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (physical ) Tj 34.920000 0.0 Td (processes ) Tj 39.120000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (have ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (been ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.840000 331.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (discussed. ) Tj 52.320000 0.0 Td (Here ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (we ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (investigate ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (validity ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 321.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (approximations ) Tj 62.520000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (light ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (results ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (given ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 63.960000 313.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 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20.520000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 514.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (inequality ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (\(A6\) ) Tj 24.120000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj 30.720000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.560000 0.0 Td (potential ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 505.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (jumps ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (found ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (simulation, ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (since ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (these ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (are ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (just ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 497.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.600000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (sufficient ) Tj 42.720000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (accelerate ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (or ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (decelerate ) Tj 46.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 62.520000 485.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 8.520000 0.0 Td (\177' ) Tj 10.560000 0.0 Td (e ) Tj 3.480000 0.0 Td (ix. ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (second ) Tj 31.440000 0.0 Td (inequality ) Tj 41.520000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 12.240000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 35.760000 0.0 Td (throughout ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 476.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.640000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (undisturbed ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (wind, ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 26.400000 0.0 Td (M ) Tj 7.440000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (= ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (5, ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (course ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.200000 467.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (pileup ) Tj 27.120000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 27.720000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (total ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (bulk ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (flow ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (speed ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.080000 457.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (reduced, ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (breaking ) Tj 37.080000 0.0 Td (down ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (zero ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 448.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (V ) Tj 6.000000 0.0 Td (A ) Tj 11.280000 0.0 Td (-\177 ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (0. ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (On ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (other ) Tj 24.360000 0.0 Td (hand, ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (third ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (inequality ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 438.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (always ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (region ) Tj 29.280000 0.0 Td (where ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 429.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (dominate, ) Tj 45.840000 0.0 Td (only ) Tj 25.200000 0.0 Td (becoming ) Tj 43.560000 0.0 Td (most ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (suspect ) Tj 35.280000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 419.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (undisturbed ) Tj 47.040000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (wind. ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (Looking ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (at ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (inequalities ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (\(A8\), ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 410.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (it ) Tj 9.840000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.320000 0.0 Td (clear ) Tj 22.320000 0.0 Td (that ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (massless ) Tj 34.200000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (approximation ) Tj 57.120000 0.0 Td (will ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (be ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 398.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 10.440000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 34.800000 0.0 Td (provided ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (c/COpe ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td ({ ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (L, ) Tj 14.040000 0.0 Td (imposing ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 10.200000 0.0 Td (lower ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (limit ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (on ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.320000 391.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (spatial ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (resolution ) Tj 40.560000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (simulation. ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (Thus ) Tj 23.040000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (neglect ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 382.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (inertia ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (both ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (\177 ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (electron ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (fluid ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 373.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (equations ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (is ) Tj 10.080000 0.0 Td (well ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (satisfied ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.400000 0.0 Td (our ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (simulations. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 79.440000 354.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Acknowledgments. ) Tj 79.320000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (authors ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (would ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (like ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (to ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (thank ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 344.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (Dunlop ) Tj 34.080000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (discussions ) Tj 45.600000 0.0 Td (concerning ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.840000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 335.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.120000 0.0 Td (data ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (Burgess ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (providing ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (forerunner ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 325.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.280000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.360000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (code ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (used ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.880000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (work. ) Tj 30.480000 0.0 Td (This ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (work ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (was ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (supported ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 316.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (by ) Tj 13.080000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (U.K. ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (Science ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (Engineering ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (Research ) Tj 37.200000 0.0 Td (Council. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.840000 308.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 20.880000 0.0 Td (Editor ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (thanks ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (B. ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Scott ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (another ) Tj 33.960000 0.0 Td (referee ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.440000 297.360000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (their ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (assistance ) Tj 39.480000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.520000 0.0 Td (evaluating ) Tj 40.920000 0.0 Td (this ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (paper. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 156.600000 279.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (References ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 259.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Brecht, ) Tj 33.000000 0.0 Td (S. ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (H., ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (V. ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (Thomas, ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (Three-dimensional ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.960000 248.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (simulation ) Tj 48.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (an ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (active ) Tj 32.280000 0.0 Td (magnetospheric ) Tj 67.920000 0.0 Td (release, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.840000 239.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (J.Geophys. ) Tj 46.080000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (92, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (2289, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (1987. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.560000 229.920000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.160000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Chapman, ) Tj 45.720000 0.0 Td (S. ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (C., ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.480000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (Dunlop, ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (Ordering ) Tj 41.280000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.960000 219.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.760000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (momentum ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (transfer ) Tj 34.320000 0.0 Td (along ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (V^B ) Tj 22.680000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 75.960000 211.200000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 21.840000 0.0 Td (releases, ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 12.000000 0.0 Td (Geoph\276s. ) Tj 38.640000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (91, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (8051, ) Tj 24.600000 0.0 Td (1986. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 201.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Cheng, ) Tj 33.120000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (F., ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (Transverse ) Tj 46.200000 0.0 Td (deflection ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (dissipation ) Tj 45.120000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.080000 192.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (small ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (beams ) Tj 28.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (clouds ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 12.960000 0.0 Td (magnetized ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (media, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.080000 182.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 38.760000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.280000 0.0 Td (92, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (55, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (1987. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.680000 173.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Dunlop, ) Tj 38.040000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (W., ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (Southwood, ) Tj 50.640000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.080000 163.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Mier-Jedzejowicz, ) Tj 73.800000 0.0 Td (On ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (a ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 37.560000 0.0 Td (source ) Tj 28.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.840000 0.0 Td (southward ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.200000 156.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 6.360000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 23.160000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (barium ) Tj 31.560000 0.0 Td (release ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.200000 144.960000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (27th ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (Dec ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (1984, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (Planet. ) Tj 30.000000 0.0 Td (Space ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (Sci., ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 11.760000 0.0 Td (press, ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (1987. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 61.800000 136.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Gurnett, ) Tj 37.920000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (A., ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (T. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Z. ) Tj 15.600000 0.0 Td (Ma, ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (Anderson, ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (O. ) Tj 16.800000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.200000 126.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Bauer, ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (Haerendel, ) Tj 45.960000 0.0 Td (B. ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (Hausler, ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 49.560000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.320000 117.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (Treumann, ) Tj 48.960000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (Koons, ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (Holzworth, ) Tj 49.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.320000 107.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (LUhr, ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (Analysis ) Tj 35.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.200000 0.0 Td (interpretation ) Tj 55.440000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (shocklike ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.440000 97.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (electrostatic ) Tj 49.800000 0.0 Td (noise ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (observed ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (during ) Tj 29.760000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.720000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 76.560000 88.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 29.160000 0.0 Td (releases, ) Tj 35.040000 0.0 Td (J..Geophys. ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (91, ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (1301,1986a. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 317.040000 732.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Gurnett, ) Tj 40.200000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 18.480000 0.0 Td (A., ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 18.000000 0.0 Td (Anderson, ) Tj 46.440000 0.0 Td (T. ) Tj 17.880000 0.0 Td (Z. ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (Ma, ) Tj 23.760000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 723.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Haerendel, ) Tj 48.600000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (O. ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (Bauer, ) Tj 32.520000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 713.520000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Treumann, ) Tj 47.280000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 15.000000 0.0 Td (Koons, ) Tj 31.680000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Kolzworth, ) Tj 46.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.440000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.440000 704.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (LQhr, ) Tj 27.960000 0.0 Td (Waves ) Tj 30.960000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (electric ) Tj 33.600000 0.0 Td (fields ) Tj 26.280000 0.0 Td (associated ) Tj 43.200000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 22.800000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 694.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 8.040000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (first ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (artificial ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (comet, ) Tj 31.320000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 13.800000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 40.680000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 24.960000 0.0 Td (91, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.440000 685.440000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (10,013, ) Tj 31.920000 0.0 Td (1986b. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 675.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Haerendel, ) Tj 46.920000 0.0 Td (G., ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 50.160000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (Baumjohann ) Tj 53.040000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.440000 665.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (Carlson, ) Tj 35.520000 0.0 Td (Dynamics ) Tj 40.320000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 12.600000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (artificial ) Tj 35.160000 0.0 Td (comet, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 656.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Nature, ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (320, ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (\(6064\), ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (720, ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (1986. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 646.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Krall, ) Tj 29.520000 0.0 Td (N. ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (A., ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.720000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (Trivelpiece, ) Tj 52.200000 0.0 Td (Principles ) Tj 44.040000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.200000 637.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Plasma ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (Physics, ) Tj 33.720000 0.0 Td (Mc ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (Graw ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (Hill, ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (New ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (York, ) Tj 25.440000 0.0 Td (1973. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 628.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Krimigis, ) Tj 40.800000 0.0 Td (S. ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (M., ) Tj 21.120000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (Haerendel, ) Tj 47.760000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (McEntire, ) Tj 44.520000 0.0 Td (G. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.080000 618.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 56.760000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 22.200000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 21.360000 0.0 Td (Bryant, ) Tj 39.960000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 27.360000 0.0 Td (Active ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.960000 609.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Magnetospheric ) Tj 66.600000 0.0 Td (Particle ) Tj 36.240000 0.0 Td (Tracer ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (Explorers ) Tj 44.280000 0.0 Td (\(AMPTE\) ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.080000 599.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (program, ) Tj 38.520000 0.0 Td (Eos, ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (Trans. ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (AGU, ) Tj 26.880000 0.0 Td (63, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (843, ) Tj 20.400000 0.0 Td (1982. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 590.760000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Ltihr, ) Tj 26.520000 0.0 Td (H., ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 15.360000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 13.320000 0.0 Td (Southwood, ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (N. ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (K10cker, ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (Acufia, ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (B. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.960000 580.560000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (H\177/usler, ) Tj 48.480000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 27.840000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 28.680000 0.0 Td (Dunlop, ) Tj 47.520000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 26.640000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 571.320000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Mier-Jedrzejowicz, ) Tj 79.080000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (P. ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (Rijnbeek, ) Tj 42.000000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.800000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (Six, ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 561.720000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (situ ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj 21.240000 0.0 Td (measurements ) Tj 56.640000 0.0 Td (during ) Tj 28.800000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.000000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 552.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.120000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 22.080000 0.0 Td (Li ) Tj 7.920000 0.0 Td (+ ) Tj 9.240000 0.0 Td (releases, ) Tj 35.640000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 39.000000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.400000 0.0 Td (91, ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (1261, ) Tj 24.720000 0.0 Td (1986a. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 542.880000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (LQhr, ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (H., ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 12.480000 0.0 Td (Southwood, ) Tj 48.000000 0.0 Td (N. ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (K1Ocker, ) Tj 36.360000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 15.840000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (Dunlop, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 533.400000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 14.280000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 13.560000 0.0 Td (Mier-Jedrzejowicz, ) Tj 77.040000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj 13.440000 0.0 Td (P. ) Tj 12.720000 0.0 Td (Rijnbeek, ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 15.480000 0.0 Td (Six, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.720000 523.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (B. ) Tj 15.960000 0.0 Td (H\177/usler, ) Tj 38.400000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 17.760000 0.0 Td (Acufia, ) Tj 33.480000 0.0 Td (In ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (situ ) Tj 20.040000 0.0 Td (magnetic ) Tj 40.080000 0.0 Td (field ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 515.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.200000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (observations ) Tj 51.360000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.160000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (artificial ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (comet, ) Tj 31.800000 0.0 Td (Nature, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.720000 505.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (32__\1770, ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (\(6064\), ) Tj 30.600000 0.0 Td (1986b. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 495.600000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Lui, ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 15.120000 0.0 Td (T. ) Tj 14.760000 0.0 Td (Y., ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (Goodrich, ) Tj 42.600000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (Menkofsky, ) Tj 48.120000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (K. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.080000 486.120000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Papadopoulos, ) Tj 59.880000 0.0 Td (Early ) Tj 26.160000 0.0 Td (time ) Tj 22.920000 0.0 Td (interaction ) Tj 45.480000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.640000 0.0 Td (lithium ) Tj 32.640000 0.0 Td (ions ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.960000 477.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (with ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (solar ) Tj 25.680000 0.0 Td (wind ) Tj 25.800000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 15.720000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 20.160000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 38.880000 0.0 Td (mission, ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (J_ ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.960000 467.280000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.640000 0.0 Td (91, ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (1333, ) Tj 24.480000 0.0 Td (1986. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.560000 457.800000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Papadopoulos, ) Tj 60.480000 0.0 Td (K., ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 20.640000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 16.680000 0.0 Td (T. ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (Y. ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (Lui, ) Tj 22.440000 0.0 Td (On ) Tj 18.960000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 19.080000 0.0 Td (initial ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.080000 449.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.080000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (motion ) Tj 32.400000 0.0 Td (of ) Tj 14.520000 0.0 Td (artificial ) Tj 36.840000 0.0 Td (comets ) Tj 32.040000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.920000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.240000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 37.320000 0.0 Td (releases, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.200000 439.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (Res. ) Tj 20.760000 0.0 Td (Lett., ) Tj 25.080000 0.0 Td (13, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (925, ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (1986. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.800000 429.480000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Papadopoulos, ) Tj 60.960000 0.0 Td (K., ) Tj 19.680000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 15.240000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 17.520000 0.0 Td (Huba, ) Tj 30.240000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 21.000000 0.0 Td (A. ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (T. ) Tj 17.040000 0.0 Td (Y. ) Tj 16.920000 0.0 Td (Lui, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 420.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.920000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Collisionless ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (coupling ) Tj 36.960000 0.0 Td (in ) Tj 13.200000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 17.640000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (artificial ) Tj 36.480000 0.0 Td (comet, ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 410.640000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (J. ) Tj 12.120000 0.0 Td (Geophys. ) Tj 39.240000 0.0 Td (Res., ) Tj 23.520000 0.0 Td (92, ) Tj 16.200000 0.0 Td (47, ) Tj 16.080000 0.0 Td (1987. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.920000 401.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 50.760000 0.0 Td (G., ) Tj 19.320000 0.0 Td (H. ) Tj 16.320000 0.0 Td (Loidl, ) Tj 28.440000 0.0 Td (P. ) Tj 14.880000 0.0 Td (Obermayer, ) Tj 50.520000 0.0 Td (M. ) Tj 17.400000 0.0 Td (Ertl, ) Tj 24.000000 0.0 Td (R. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.320000 391.680000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Laborenz, ) Tj 46.680000 0.0 Td (N. ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (Sckopke, ) Tj 42.360000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 20.520000 0.0 Td (Baumjohann, ) Tj 58.800000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 18.360000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 331.440000 382.080000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.800000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Carlson, ) Tj 37.800000 0.0 Td (and ) Tj 19.920000 0.0 Td (D. ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (Curtis, ) Tj 31.200000 0.0 Td (The ) Tj 21.600000 0.0 Td (plasma ) Tj 32.160000 0.0 Td (instrument ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.720000 372.240000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.560000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (for ) Tj 17.280000 0.0 Td (the ) Tj 18.120000 0.0 Td (AMPTE ) Tj 36.600000 0.0 Td (IRM, ) Tj 25.560000 0.0 Td (IEEE ) Tj 26.760000 0.0 Td (Trans, ) Tj 30.360000 0.0 Td (Geosci. ) Tj 33.840000 0.0 Td (Remote ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 330.840000 363.000000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.320000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Sens., ) Tj 27.000000 0.0 Td (GE-23, ) Tj 33.240000 0.0 Td (2062, ) Tj 24.840000 0.0 Td (1985. ) Tj ET BT 1.000000 0 0 1 316.440000 353.160000 Tm 3 Tr 0 0 0 rg /F0 7.680000 Tf 0.000000 0.0 Td (Paschmann, ) Tj 51.840000 0.0 Td (G., ) Tj 20.280000 0.0 Td (C. ) Tj 16.440000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 18.720000 0.0 Td (Carlson, ) Tj 38.280000 0.0 Td (W. ) Tj 18.600000 0.0 Td (Baumjohann, ) Tj 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